Water4Change: Integrative and Fit-for-Purpose Water Sensitive Design Framework
for Fast Growing Liveable Cities
Kozhikode City Atlas
Key Learnings from the City of Spices
W
ater4Change is a
collaboration between the
Department of Science &
Technology (Government of India)
and the Netherlands Organisation for
Scientific Research towards
formulating an integrative, fit-for-
purpose and context-sensitive water-
sensitive design framework for fast
growing liveable cities. It aspires to
facilitate long-term sustainability,
equality, and resilience of all water
systems, through a synergy between
the society, built & natural
environment, technology, and
infrastructure. It shall strategically
guide the short-term actions, long-
term land-use plans, and
infrastructural investments for
sustainable development of cities.
Image courtesy
Front cover: Ernakulam District
Information Office (DIO)
Back cover: avivdigital.in
i
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i
List of figures ...........................................................................................................................................iii
List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ v
Preface ...................................................................................................................................................vii
1 City Profile ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 History ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Demographics ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Urban Sprawl........................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Physiography........................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 Topography ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Geology ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Administration.......................................................................................................................... 9
1.6.1 Environment .................................................................................................................... 9
1.6.2 Water resources and supply management ..................................................................... 9
1.6.3 Disaster management ................................................................................................... 10
2 Natural Resources ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.1 Water resources .................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Waterbodies .................................................................................................................. 15
2.1.2 Groundwater .................................................................................................................. 16
2.2 Natural water drainage system ............................................................................................. 16
2.3 Vegetation & Green Cover .................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.5 Sacred Groves ...................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Wetlands ............................................................................................................................... 20
3 Plans and strategies for development ........................................................................................... 23
3.1 National Level........................................................................................................................ 25
3.2 State Level ............................................................................................................................ 27
3.3 Local Level ............................................................................................................................ 29
3.3.1 Spatial Planning ............................................................................................................ 29
3.3.2 Water Supply ................................................................................................................. 31
3.3.3 Stormwater .................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.4 Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.5 Environment .................................................................................................................. 33
3.3.6 Disaster Management ................................................................................................... 35
3.3.7 Governance ................................................................................................................... 36
4 Discussion and Way Forward ....................................................................................................... 39
References ............................................................................................................................................ 43
ii
Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Appendix 1: Groundwater statistics for Kozhikode (2011) ................................................................ 45
Appendix 2: Pre-Post Monsoon water level trend (2011) ................................................................. 47
Appendix 3: Proposed land-use distribution as per Master Plan-2035 ............................................. 48
Appendix 4: Legislations aimed at disaster management in Kozhikode ........................................... 49
Appendix 5: Disaster vulnerability of Kozhikode district ................................................................... 50
Appendix 6: Roles and responsibilities of primary and secondary emergency support agencies .... 61
iii
List of figures
Figure 1 Timeline of major events .......................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 Population density in different wards and villages within the Master Plan area ...................... 4
Figure 3 Decadal growth of population in different areas local-government areas in the district .......... 4
Figure 4 Urban Sprawl ........................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 5 Topography of the Master Plan-2035 area .............................................................................. 6
Figure 6 Three topographical regions in Kozhikode district ................................................................... 6
Figure 7 Soil distribution ......................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 8 Kozhikode has a Tropical Monsoon climate as per the Köppen-Geiger climate classification 8
Figure 9 Wind Rose ................................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 10 Average temperature and precipitation .................................................................................. 8
Figure 11 Groundwater development in Kozhikode (2004) ................................................................. 16
Figure 12 Watershed map for Kozhikode district ................................................................................. 17
Figure 13 Forests are concentrated along the eastern edge of the district ......................................... 18
Figure 14 No parks in south, southeast and eastern areas ................................................................. 19
Figure 15 Existing (left) and proposed (right) land use as per MP-2035 ............................................. 29
Figure 16 Source of water in households ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 17 Frequency of water supply ................................................................................................... 31
Figure 18 Sewerage zones in Kozhikode Municipal Corporation area ................................................ 33
Figure 19 Drought-prone areas of the district ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 20 Flood-prone areas in the district .......................................................................................... 36
Figure 21 Landslide-prone areas of the district .................................................................................... 36
iv
v
List of tables
Table 3 Stakeholders involved in governance of Kozhikode ................................................................ 10
Table 1 Nodal departments involved in disaster management efforts ................................................. 10
Table 2 Role of different stakeholders in the event of disaster ............................................................ 11
Table 4 Major parks in Kozhikode ........................................................................................................ 18
Table 5 Existing land use in the planning area ..................................................................................... 30
Table 6 Proposed land-use distribution in Master Plan-2035 ............................................................... 30
Table 7 Proposed policy measures to conserve Kottuli Wetlands ....................................................... 34
Table 8 Groundwater statistics - Kozhikode district (2011) .................................................................. 45
Table 9 Pre-post Monsoon water level trend (2011) ............................................................................ 47
Table 10 Legislations aimed at disaster management in Kozhikode ................................................... 49
Table 11 Hazard seasonality mapping ................................................................................................. 50
Table 12 Drought-prone areas – classification ..................................................................................... 51
Table 13 Natural hazard zonation table ................................................................................................ 54
Table 14 Roles and responsibilities of primary and secondary emergency support agencies ............ 61
vi
vii
Preface
Rapid urbanisation in Indian cities has resulted in the emergence of new challenges and problems. The
swift pace of urbanisation has increased the occurrence of unplanned growth of cities. Development
agencies are struggling to cope with the increasing demands for land and basic infrastructure. The
excessive demand has resulted in over-exploitation of natural resources; unmonitored discharge of
effluents and disposal of waste has polluted the environment.
Water stress, i.e. pressure on the quantity and quality of water, has increased over the years, resulting
in problems including water shortage, flooding, pollution, and ecosystem damage. Like the
transportation sector, which has witnessed proposals like TOD, LUTI, etc. there is a need to develop
an integrated approach to tackle the issues pertaining to natural resources like water.
Numerous international conventions and conferences have been organised, stressing on the need for
such policies and agreements to tackle the looming water crises. Many legislations and policies have
been adopted at the national level. The successful implementation of these, however, shall only be
possible through their localisation at the sub-regional and city-level.
Water4Change is a collaboration between the Department of Science o& Technology (Government of
India) and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research towards formulating an integrative, fit-
for-purpose and context-sensitive water-sensitive design framework for fast growing liveable cities. It
aspires to facilitate long-term sustainability, equality, and resilience of all water systems, through a
synergy between the society, built & natural environment, technology, and infrastructure. It shall
strategically guide the short-term actions, long-term land-use plans, and infrastructural investments for
sustainable development of cities.
Kozhikode, the City of Spices, is renowned for its exquisite natural resources. The city’s economy has,
for long, thrived on trade and tourism. A fast-developing secondary city, Kozhikode has been selected
as one of the three case study cities for the project owing to the complexities of its climate, proximity to
the sea, ecology, land-use, physical infrastructure and governance.
Image courtesy: Ernakulam District
Information Office (DIO)
viii
1
1 City Profile
2
Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is a city on the Malabar coast of Kerala. It is the largest
urban area in the state, and among its prime economic centres. The city’s history goes as far
back as 7
th
century. Its historical significance is heightened by the fact that the Portuguese
explorer Vasco da Gama landed on its coast, thereby discovering the sea route from Europe to
India. The city’s predominant trade in spices earned it the nickname ‘City of Spices’. In addition
to its spice trade, the city is famous for its splendid beaches, marvellous architecture, and
breath-taking natural beauty. Kozhikode was bestowed with the title ‘City of Sculptures’ in
recognition of the several sculptures and architectural marvels spread across the city.
1.1 History
Kozhikode is a town with a long-recorded history. The city has attracted travellers with its
prosperity since time immemorial. It has traded in spices like black pepper and cardamom with
Jews, Arabs, Phoenicians, and Chinese for more than 5 centuries. As Kozhikode offered full
freedom and security, the Arab and the Chinese merchants preferred it to all other ports.
While the city has been known in history under different names, Malayalam speaking
communities have traditionally called it Kozhikode. Arab merchants called it Qāliqūṭ. Tamils
called it Kallikkottai while for the Chinese it was Kalifo. Although the city’s official name is
Kozhikode, in English it is sometimes known by its anglicised version, Calicut. The word calico,
a fine variety of hand-woven cotton cloth that was exported from the port of Kozhikode, is
thought to have been derived from Calicut.
It is believed that Kozhikode was founded in A.D. 1034 by the Smuthiri rulers as a trade centre,
on the principles of Vastu-shastra Thereafter, trade with the middle eastern and Chinese traders
prospered, making it a major trading port for Eastern spices. It is believed that the international
merchants preferred Kozhikode to other ports as it offered full freedom and security.
Vasco da Gama arrived at Kappad, about 15km northwest of Kozhikode, on May 27, 1498;
thus, discovering the trade route between Europe to India. The British reached the city in the
17
th
-century. Malabar was conquered by Tipu Sultan in 1789, thereby passing on the reins of
the city to the ruler of Mysore. On May 21, 1800, Malabar became a part of the Madras
Presidency. In the same year, Kozhikode became a Municipal Board. The British introduced
railways in the region in 1858; however, the city got its railway station in 1888.
The Kozhikode Municipality, spanning an area of 28.23 sq. km. and with a population of 36,602
residents, was established on July 3, 1866, Electrification of the city began in 1934, with some
areas receiving supply. In 1941, the area of the Municipality was increased to 29.26 sq. km.
As India attained independence from Colonial rule, Calicut functioned as the headquarters of
Malabar district. ‘Protected’ water supply was introduced in 1952. In 1957, Malabar district was
included in the newly formed state of Kerala.
A non-statutory development plan for Kozhikode Municipality was prepared by Mr R S
Khambatta in 1962, thereby becoming the first Master Plan of the modern-day city of
Kozhikode. However, as the town limit was increased and the Municipality became a Municipal
Corporation, the plan had to be modified. In 1967, the Town & Country Planning Department
prepared an Interim Development Plan for Calicut Urban Complex for the period 1967-81. It
spanned across an area of 84.27 sq. km.
The Calicut Development Authority was formed by the government in 1980 to prepare &
implement general and detailed town-planning schemes for the Municipal Corporation and the
eleven surrounding panchayats. The second general town-planning scheme (i.e. Development
Plan) for Calicut Urban area was enforced in 1994. The planning area was expanded further to
111.9 sq. km. A Perspective Plan for Kozhikode city and the 11 neighbouring panchayats was
prepared by the municipal corporation in 2003; a City Development Plan was prepared in 2006
to benefit from the provisions of JNNURM. The zoning regulations sanctioned under the
Development Plan for 1981-2001 were modified in the year 2007. A joint planning committee
comprising members from different agencies responsible for development in Kozhikode
3
prepared the Development Plan-2035 under the stewardship of the Town & Country Planning
Department, Kerala, in the year 2017.
Figure 1 Timeline of major events
4
1.2 Demographics
Kozhikode, with a population comprising
approximately 3.1 million people, is the 5
th
most populous district in Kerala (Census of
India, 2011). The Master Plan area
comprises a quarter of the district’s
population (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015). 53% of the
population within this area is
accommodated within the Kozhikode
Municipal Corporation limits; other highly
populated areas include Beypore (8.57%),
Olayanna (8.4%), Cheruvannur Nallalam
(8.18%); Ramanattukara accounts for the
lowest share of population (4.41%). The
master plan has readjusted the Municipal
Corporation limits, which shall account for
75% of the total population within the
Master Plan area. The gross population
density of the planning area is 45.7
persons per hectare (pph) while that of the
Corporation is 51.20 pph (Town and
Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015).
Figure 3 shows the decadal growth in
population in different regions within the
planning area. While the population of the
urban area has been fluctuating, the
general trend has been a negative growth
in population. This conforms with the
trends observed across most of Kerala
(Town and Country Planning Department
Kozhikode, 2015).
The Master Plan-2035 takes cognizance
of the reducing population and intends to
check the decrease with better
infrastructure and amenities in the urban
core; a compact settlement pattern has
been proposed. The population for the
horizon year is estimated at 13 lakhs.
Figure 2 Population density in different wards and
villages within the Master Plan area
Source: Census of India, 2011
Figure 3 Decadal growth of population in different
areas local-government areas in the district
Source: Town and Country Planning Department
Kozhikode, 2015
5
1.3 Urban Sprawl
The urban sprawl of Kozhikode is radial in
nature. Figure 4 shows the sprawl between
1991 and 2014. Most of the urban sprawl, as
of 2014, had taken place by 1991. The
subsequent years saw mostly infill; linear
growth is observed along the major roads
(National Remote Sensing Centre - ISRO,
2020). The southern region witnessed sprawl
in clusters between 1999 and 2014; linear
growth towards the north is observed during
the same period.
Figure 4 Urban Sprawl
Source: National Remote Sensing Centre - ISRO,
2020
6
1.4 Physiography
1.4.1 Topography
The general slope of land is towards the Arabian Sea in the west. Kozhikode can be categorised
into three regions based on its topography; the highlands – mountainous regions more than 76
m above mean sea level; lowlands – plain coastal belt 7.6 m below sea level; and the midlands
– the undulating region between the lowlands and highlands (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015). The midlands could be further categorised as the low rolling
terrain, having slope <15%, and moderately undulating terrain with slope between 15% and
25% (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015). The latter forms most of the
district. The planning area comprises lowlands and midlands.
Figure 5 Topography of the Master Plan-2035
area
Source: CEPT University, 2020
Figure 6 Three topographical regions in
Kozhikode district
Source: Nazimuddin, 1993
7
1.4.2 Geology
Kozhikode district has predominantly two types of soil – coastal sandy soil along the coastal
belt and gravelly laterite soil in a majority of the district. Riverine alluvium, brown Hydromorphic
and greyish Onattukara are also found in small stretches. The alluvial soil is made from recent
marine deposits. The crops irrigated in alluvial soil include coconut, tapioca, paddy and fruits.
The laterite soils have poor water-holding capacity, acidic, and poor in nutrients; it is, however,
widely cultivated with diverse crops like coconut, tapioca, rubber, areca nut, pepper, cashew
etc. with proper application of fertilizers and irrigation. The riverine alluvium is found mainly on
the banks of rivers and tributaries, on flat to gently sloping lands. They are characterised by
good productivity with coconut, areca nut, banana, vegetables and fruits being the main crops
cultivated. Brown hydromorphic soils are mostly confined to valley bottoms of undulating
topography in the midland and to low lying areas of coastal strip. These are also found in areas
of wetland. Grayish Onattukara occur as marine deposits extending to the interior up to the
lateritic belt. These soils have very rapid permeability. In low-lying areas, the water table is high,
and drainage is a problem. Coconut, Paddy and Tapioca are the major products cultivated in
these soils.
Figure 7 Soil distribution
Source: www.keralasoilfertility.net
8
1.5 Climate
Kozhikode has a Tropical Monsoon climate as per the Köppen-Geiger climate classification
(Rubel & Kottek, 2010). The Master Plan-2035 report states that the district has a tropical to
subtropical climate with a dominant monsoon. It lies in the West Coastal Plain and Ghats agro-
climatic region as per the classification formulated by the National Planning Commission (Town
and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
Hot and humid climatic conditions prevail with the hot season extending from March to May;
South-west monsoon during June-September is the most important rainy season which
contributes about 60% of the annual rainfall; the north-east monsoon extends from October to
November and contributes about 25% of the annual rainfall. The average annual rainfall is
3,266 mm. The period between December and May is mostly dry.
Maximum temperature ranges between 27ºC and 33ºC, while the range of minimum
temperature lies between 22ºC and 27ºC. April is the hottest month, while December & January
record the lowest temperature. March-May constitute the hottest period of the year. Humidity
remains high throughout the year, varying between 74% in April and 88.7% in July-August.
Winds are seasonal, with significant change in direction and speed evident between the coastal
and inland regions. The dominant wind direction is towards northwest. The average wind speed
is generally high in April (4.4 km/hr) and least in November-December (2 km/hr).
Figure 10 Average temperature and precipitation
Source: meteoblue.com
Figure 8 Kozhikode has a Tropical Monsoon climate as per the Köppen-Geiger climate classification
Source: Rubel & Kottek, 2010
Figure 9 Wind Rose
Source: meteoblue.com
9
1.6 Administration
1.6.1 Environment
Kerala is known for its magnificent natural landscapes and coastline. It has a large number of
eco-sensitive areas, which need to be conserved. The governance aspects pertaining to the
environment are the responsibility of several stakeholders.
At the national level, the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC) is
the nodal agency to prepare and ensure implementation of legislations related to the
environment. The Ministry of Jal Shakti overlooks the conservation of water resources and
their effective utilisation. Central Ground Water Board (CWGB) undertakes periodical
assessment of the quality of groundwater across the country. Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) regulates activities to minimise pollution of the waterbodies.
At the state level, the Town & Country Planning Department (a parastatal agency) regulates
land-use through zoning and planning regulations, prohibiting development in eco-sensitive
zones. The Kerala State Land Use Board assesses the quality of land, aiding the other
agencies in decision-making. The state office of the CWGB provides technical assistance in
ensuring proper quality of groundwater
At a more local level, the Kozhikode Municipal Corporation is entrusted with the responsibility
of ensuring proper implementation of building regulations and preventing discharge of
untreated effluents into waterbodies. CWGB has a district-level office which conducts technical
studies of the groundwater in the district.
1.6.2 Water resources and supply management
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering (CPHEEO) is a national agency that
advises the Ministry in all the technical matters pertaining to public health & environmental
engineering; it prepares technical guidelines in the form of manuals in the above fields, which
are used by the state public health engineering departments, state water boards, and urban
local bodies in planning, designing, construction, and operation & maintenance of water supply
and sanitation schemes; it is also entrusted with the appraisal, monitoring & evaluation of
centrally-sponsored schemes pertaining to physical infrastructure. The Ministry of Jal Shakti
functions as an overall planning, policy formulation, coordination and guidance agency in the
water resources sector.
Kerala Water Authority and the Kozhikode municipal corporation are the primary water
supply and management agencies in the district. The state irrigation department manages
water resources needed for irrigation. Stormwater management is the responsibility of the state
Public Works Department and the Central PWD in case of national highways. Kozhikode
Municipal Corporation manages the stormwater drainage on sub-arterial and local roads.
Additionally, research institutions and NGOs are actively involved in aiding the authorities in
effective water governance. CWRDM conducts research on the water resources. NIRAV and
OSICA are two NGOs working towards water resource management; NIRAV focuses on
wastewater and solid waste, while rural water supply is the key focus of OSICA.
10
Table 1 Stakeholders involved in governance of Kozhikode
Jurisdiction
Stakeholder / Agency
Central
• Ministry of Jal Shakti
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
• Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC)
• National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA)
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
• Central Ground Water Board (CBWB)
• Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering (CPHEEO)
State
• Kerala Urban Development Finance Corporation (KUDFC)
• Kerala Institute of Local Administration
• Irrigation Department
• Town & Country Planning Department
• Kerala Water Authority
• Groundwater Department (Govt. of Kerala)
• Central Groundwater Department (Kerala Region)
• Kerala State Disaster Management Agency
• Kerala State Land Use Board
• Department of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation
District
• Indian Meteorological Department
• Central Ground Water Board (Kozhikode)
• NGOs
Area Development
Authority
• Calicut Development Authority
• NGOs
Local (city)
• Kozhikode Municipal Corporation - Ward Committee
• Civil Society Organizations: OSICA, Nirav, C-Earth
• Academia: CWRDM, NIT-C, Calicut University
1.6.3 Disaster management
Disaster management and relief measures are administered as per provisions of the national
and state disaster management legislations. Every district of Kerala has prepared a district
disaster management plan which acts as a guideline for the respective district’s authorities.
Table 2 contains a list of nodal departments within the state which are responsible to manage
different kinds of disasters. Table 3 is an extensive list of stakeholders involved in the disaster
management efforts and their respective roles. These include the roles pertaining to warning,
information dissemination, providing emergency support, and advisory and training for disaster
relief.
Table 2 Nodal departments involved in disaster management efforts
S. No.
Department
1
Revenue & Disaster Management: Hydro-meteorological & geological disasters
2
Home: Road & rail accidents
3
Health & Family Welfare: Chemical, biological, radiological & nuclear disasters
4
Factories & Boilers Dept., Dept. of Industries and the industry: Industrial accidents
5
Agriculture: Pest attacks
6
Animal Husbandry: Cattle epidemics
7
Water resources: Dam break
8
Public Works: Building collapse
9
Forests: Forest Fire
10
Airport: Air accidents
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
11
Table 3 Role of different stakeholders in the event of disaster
Primary
Secondary
Territory
Early Warning
• Indian Meteorological Department
(IMD): Weather Warnings,
• Central Water Commission (CWC):
Flood Warnings,
• Geological Survey of India (GSI) /
National Centre for Earth Science
Studies (NCESS): Landslide
Warnings,
• Indian National Centre for
Ocean Information Services
(INCOIS) / National Centre for Earth
Science Studies (NCESS): Wave
Height & Tsunami,
• National Emergency Operations
Centre (NEOC) / State Emergency
Operations Centre (SEOC): Any of
the above,
• Government: Any of the above
• District Emergency
Operations Centre
(DEOC) / District
Collector: Events
without precursors
such as accidents /
earthquakes,
• Revenue
department
• Fisheries,
• Coast Guard,
• Police
Information
Dissemination
• PRD,
• BSNL,
• SEOC
• FM radio,
• other mobile
network providers
• Existing
wireless
operators
(Police, Fire
Force, etc.).
Emergency
Support
Functions
• Refer Appendix 6: Roles and
responsibilities of primary and
secondary emergency support
agencies
• PWD, Food & civil
supplies
• Animal
Husbandry,
• KSEB,
• KWA
Advisory &
Training
• Administrative Training Institutes
(ATI)
• Taluk, NGO
• Chemical
Industries
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
12
Kozhikode’s coastline is a major
contributor to its economy
Image used under Creative Commons licence
13
2 Natural Resources
14
The exquisite natural resources include
wetlands, mangroves, rivers, beaches
Image courtesy: Renin
15
Kozhikode is blessed with abundant natural resources including waterbodies, beaches, forests
and hills. The region is a major tourist hotspot, with a large number of natural resources acting
as tourist attractions.
2.1 Water resources
There is an abundance of water resources in Kozhikode, which have influenced the
development of the region. Four major rivers, viz., Korapuzha, Chaliyar, Kallai, and Kadalundi,
along with their tributaries, have played an instrumental role in the development of the region.
In addition to the rivers, the region has a 72-km stretch of coastline spanning 91 sq. km. Of this,
22 km is within the Corporation’s extent (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015). In addition to the surface water, the district also depends on groundwater sources.
2.1.1 Waterbodies
Rivers are an important component of the water needs of the district. These include four major
rivers along with their tributaries, as discussed below.
River Korapuzha is formed after the confluence of two streams – Agalapuzha and
Punnurpuzha - in the north of the city. Agalapuzha originates from Kodiyandumala while the
Punnurpuzha’s origins lie at an altitude of 610 m above mean sea level in the Arikkakunni hills
in the Western Ghats. The length of the Punnurpuzha river is about 40 km; tis drainage area
roughly 624 sq. km. It forms part of the west coast inland navigation system, with a navigable
length of 25 km. The Korapuzha river joins the Lakshadweep Sea at Elanthoor (Kerala State
Land Use Board, 2015). Punnurpuzha acts as an important source of drinking water. Frequent
flooding is observed during monsoons due to the erosion of the banks.
River Chaliyar is an inter-state river which originates from the Illambilari hills in Gudalur taluk
of Nilagiri district in Tamil Nadu. Also known as the Beypore river in its lower reaches, this is
one of the major rivers of the state (Worldviewer Dot Com [India] Pvt Ltd, 2020). It is the fourth
longest river in Kerala, flowing through several districts to reach Feroke in Kozhikode before
joining Lakshadweep Sea. The total length of the river is 169 km, with a total drainage area of
2535 sq. km.; of this, 45.5 sq. km. falls in Kozhikode district. Some of its tributaries have their
origin in the neighbouring Wayanad district. The river acts as the major source of drinking water
in the region. It is connected with Kallai river through artificial canals. It has a navigable length
of about 70 km, with motorboats plying a distance of upto 22 km between Beypore and
Vazhakkad.
River Kallai originates in Cherukulathur village in Kozhikode Taluk at an elevation of 45m
above mean sea level, and passes through Kovur, Olavanna, and Manava before culminating
in the Lakshadweep Sea at Kallai, which is a large timber trading centre situated on the banks
of the eponymous river. It is connected with Chaliyar river on the south by the Beypore-Kallai
canal; the Canoli canal or Elathur Kallai canal connects it in the north to Korapuzha. Length of
the river is 22 Km. This is a tidal river with a drainage area of 96 sq. km, falling completely
within the Kozhikode district. It has a navigable length of 10 km. A study conducted by the
CWRDM Kozhikode concluded that formation of small islands due to the deposition of clay and
silt had resulted in the interruption of the flow of the river (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015).
River Kadalundi flows in the south of the district, forming the southern edge of the Master Plan
– 2035 area. Its origins lie in the forests of silent valley at an altitude of 1,220 m above sea
level. It is formed by the confluence of Olipuzha and Velliyar rivers. The total length is 130 km;
the drainage area spans 1099 sq. km. and the catchment area extends upto 430 sq. km.
Kozhikode district comprises 14 km portion of the river and is home to a catchment area of 12
sq. km. The river is a part of west coast navigation system for about 23 km from Palathungal
and Mannur. It is subjected to high flood damages.
The 72-km long coastline of the district is important from an ecological as well as economical
perspective. A major tourist attraction, the coastline also acts as a fishing harbour/fish-landing
16
centre. The natural harbour at Beypore offers immense scope for developing a harbour-centric
economy (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
The Masterplan Area consists of 153 ponds, with a total area extending 21 ha. 43% of these
are under private ownership.
2.1.2 Groundwater
Kozhikode depends on groundwater resources in
addition to the surface water. The depth of water level
varies from 2 to >10 in different blocks of the district.
The master plan area, falling in Kozhikode and
Chevayur blocks, has been assessed as ‘over-
exploited’ and ‘semi-critical’ respectively. There is an
urgent need to recharge groundwater aquifers through
a comprehensive groundwater management strategy
(Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015). The quality of water from shallow and deep
aquifers in the district is good for domestic and irrigation
purposes. As per the drinking water standards of
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) the groundwater of
Kozhikode district is suitable for all purposes. The
quality of water from deep aquifers also indicates that
the water is suitable for drinking purposes (Central
Ground Water Board, 2013).
2.2 Natural water drainage system
The natural drainage of the region follows an east-west flow, owing to the general topography
of land. The rivers originate in the hills of the Western Ghats, flow westwards through the
midlands and lowlands, and drain into the sea. The small hills dotting the city have a significant
impact on the drainage pattern of the region. However, the levelling of these hillocks and
conversion of natural drainage channels in the name of development has disrupted the natural
drainage pattern, resulting in urban flooding.
Figure 11 Groundwater development in
Kozhikode (2004)
Source: T&CP Department Kozhikode,
2015
17
Kozhikode district falls in the watershed zones of six rivers, as shown in Figure 12. These
include Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Kallayi, Korapuzha, Kuttiyadi, and Mahe rivers. Of these, only a
small part of the district (southern tip) falls in the watershed of river Kadalundi. The most over-
exploited watersheds are those of Chaliyar and Kallayi rivers in the southern part near the
coast, falling within the jurisdiction of Kozhikode Municipal Corporation.
2.3 Vegetation & Green Cover
Forests cover 454.07 ha, i.e. 19.36%, of the geographical area of the Kozhikode district (Kerala
State Land Use Board, 2015). The major portion of the forest area of Kozhikode district became
part of Wayanad District, after the reorganisation of districts. A narrow belt of forest area exists
on the eastern side of the district, bordering Wayanad district (Figure 13). These forest areas
are suitable for growing teak, eucalyptus etc. The area demarcated for the Master Plan-2035
does not have any natural forests.
The Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary, near the eastern edge of the district, covering a total of 74.21
sq.km, is a part of the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot contiguous with the forests of
Ladysmith Reserved Forests and Kurichiar Mala of Kalpeta Forest Range of South Wayanad
Forest Division. Rich in biodiversity, the sanctuary is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere
Reserve and forms an integral part of the Wayanad Elephant Reserve under Project Elephant.
The sanctuary has 41 species of mammals, over 180 species of birds (out of these 12 are
endemic, 6 range restricted and 5 globally threatened species), 38 varieties of amphibians, of
which 26 are Western Ghats endemics, 52 varieties of fish, including 21 endemic to the Western
Ghats and one endangered species, 148 species of butterflies, including 8 endemic species,
Figure 12 Watershed map for Kozhikode district
Source: Kerala State Land Use Board (2015)
18
and 51 species of Dragon flies, which include 11 species endemic to the region (Town and
Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
URDPFI guidelines prescribe 1.2 ha to 1.4 ha open spaces per 1000 persons in large cities,
such as Kozhikode. The ideal open space requirement for Kozhikode would, thus, amount to
21.13 sq. km. However, the current area under open spaces is merely 0.32 sq. km., leaving a
deficit of 20.81 sq. km. The existing open spaces in the master plan area include 17 major
parks, of which, 16 are within the new municipal limits. These have been listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Major parks in Kozhikode
S. No.
Name of Park
Area (sq. m.)
1
Corporation Park
2
Lions park
3
Ansari Park
4
Mananchira square
5
Gandhi Park
6
Hazan Koya Mulla Park
7
Vagbadananthan Park
8
Sarovaram Bio Park
9
Garudan Park
10
S.K Pottekat Park, Puthiyara
11
Kelappan Park, Nadakavu
12
Gandhi Park, Thadampattuthazham
13
Elathurkad Children’s Park
14
Nehru Children’s Park, Ramanattukara
15
Beypore Panchayat Park
16
Rahman Park, Cheruvannur Nallalam
17
Children’s Park, Cheruvannur Nallalam
Source: Town & Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015)
Figure 13 Forests are concentrated along the eastern edge of the district
19
Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode
(2015) has recognised the deficiency of open space
within the planning area. Its assessment revealed that
the southern, eastern and south-eastern regions of the
planning area are devoid of parks and open spaces
(Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015). Area for new parks has been reserved in several
areas including Beach, Arayidathupalam, Jawaharlal
Nehru Housing Colony, Medical College, Beypore and
Kadalundi region (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015). Many neighbourhood
level parks are also proposed in the planning area.
2.4 Biodiversity
Kozhikode is rich in biodiversity. The Kadalundi Panchayat is famous for its estuarine wetlands
which are home to a variety of mangroves and native species of fauna. It also has a Bird
Sanctuary which is home to more than 135 species of birds, most of which are endemic,
endangered, or threatened to extinction (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015); it has been declared a biosphere reserve. Kadalundi also hosts a large variety of fish,
mussels and crabs.
The Kottuli Wetlands are urban wetlands, the largest, in Kozhikode. A large variety of estuarine
fish, prawns, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, the endangered Asian otter (Lutrus lutrus) and a
variety of plants and mangroves are found here. It has been earmarked by the ministry of
Envionment and Forests, Govt. of India, under the National Wetland Conservation Programme.
Kozhikode also has several sacred groves
1
which are home to several endangered flora and
fauna including certain medicinal plants. Anthropogenic activities pose an increasing threat to
the coastal areas, estuaries, and mangroves.
2.5 Sacred Groves
Kozhikode district and the urban area are rich in Sacred Groves, which are a part of the
indigenous urban forestry and biodiversity conservation practices. 131 sacred groves, spanning
an area of 13 ha, have been identified within the Master Plan area extinction (Town and Country
Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015); they are home to several endangered species of flora
and fauna, including valuable medicinal plants. 85% of the Kavus are above 100 years of age.
1
This is an indigenous way of urban forestry and biodiversity conservation practised in India
Figure 14 No parks in south, southeast
and eastern areas
Source: Town & Country Planning
Department Kozhikode (2015)
20
2.6 Wetlands
Kozhikode is also home to wetlands which form a breeding and feeding ground for numerous
local and migratory water birds and several other lesser known species. The Kottuli Wetlands
is an urban wetland and the largest wetland in Kozhikode city. It is situated adjacent to the
stretch of Canoli canal between Arayidathupalam and Eranhipalam, receive tidal influx from the
Kallai and Korapuzha estuaries. The original area of the wetland is 87.04 ha of which an area
of 22.5 ha has been reclaimed. It has an average depth of 1.0 m. It is home to a large variety
of estuarine fish, prawns, crustaceans, mollusks, birds, the endangered Asian otter (Lutrus
lutrus) and a variety of plants and mangroves.
The wetlands act as a major receptacle of flood water from the city, a primary recharge source
for wells in the vicinity, and a sink for pollutants. In 2004, the MoEF approved a programme for
the conservation of the wetland under Management Action Plan for Kottuli Wetland. The portion
of the wetland now relatively undamaged is mainly to the east of the Eranhipalam-
Arayedathupalam stretch of Canoli Canal. It has been proposed for development of the Dream
City, a tourist attraction, under the Coastal Regulation Zone I of CRZ Notification.
21
The rivers are used for transportation; their
mouths act as biodiversity hotspots
Image courtesy: Renin
22
Urban development is concentrated
along the coastal region
Image courtesy: Ernakulam District Information
Office (DIO)
23
3 Plans and
strategies for
development
24
The city is known for its
architecture and
sculptures
Image courtesy: Jasim Shareef
25
3.1 National Level
National level schemes, policies and legislations are promulgated by the Central government
and apply to the entire nation, or regions specified in the respective document. They may or
may not have their state-level equivalents, (e.g. state-level water policies to complement the
national water policy). A large number of policies, schemes, and legislations exist, which are
either specific to urban/rural development, provision of infrastructure and/or conservation of
environment, or have these as constituents of the larger document.
The Constitution of India guarantees every citizen a fundamental right to life (Art. 21); this
has been construed to include the basic human right to access water. Article 39(b) of the
Constitution stipulates that the State shall ensure an equitable distribution of the material
resources among all members of the community. Article 51-A, on fundamental duties of the
citizens, dictates that it is the duty of all each citizen “to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife…”. The Constitution, therefore, states that
each citizen of the country is responsible to protect the environment, while also ensuring that
all citizens get equal access to the available resources, including access to water; the
government, it states, must ensure the same.
The legislations aimed at conservation of environment include the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Environment (Protection)
Rules, 1986; Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017; Biological Diversity Act,
2002. The Water Act, 1974, and the Water Cess Act, 1977, are some of the legislations
regarding provision of infrastructure in developed areas. The National Water Policy covers
aspects relating to the administration, planning and development of water resources and their
optimum utilization. It was first formulated in 1987, then revised in 2002 and again in 2012.
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, takes cognizance of the need to protect and
improve the environment including the proceedings of the UN Conference on the Human
Environment (1972). It empowers the Government of India to take necessary measures for this
purpose, including coordination with the State Governments, developing and implementing
nation-wide programmes, and formulating standards to maintain the quality of environment.
The various measures include regulating development through land use and development
controls, devising service level benchmarks for emissions, and spreading awareness among
citizens through dissemination of information. The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986,
consists of the numerous standards, regulations and criteria, and the various procedures for
their implementation, in lieu of the Environment (Protection) Act.
The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, is aimed at the “conservation of biological diversity,
sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of
the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto” (Government of India, 2003). The Act calls for the establishment of a National
Biodiversity Authority at the national level and State Biodiversity Boards at the state level. It
puts restrictions on persons permitted to perform activities relating to biological diversity without
the permission of the said Authority. Further, it states, a biological management committee
must be set up within the jurisdiction of every local body “to promote conservation, sustainable
use and documentation of biodiversity”. This shall include “preservation of habitats,
conservation of land races, folk varieties and cultivars, domesticated stocks and breeds of
animals and microorganisms and chronicling of knowledge relating to biological diversity”
(Government of India, 2003). The legislation also states that a local biodiversity fund shall be
created in areas notified by the state government, where any self-governance institution exists;
this fund would be funded through grants or loans appropriated by the state government.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, was adopted to protect the water
resources of the nation. It authorises the Government to create pollution control boards at the
state and central level to implement the provisions of this legislation. Further, the Act lays down
the powers of these boards, which include investigating and conducting research on issues
26
pertaining to water pollution, capacity building, formulating effluent standards, developing
economical and reliable methods for treatment of effluents and the possible methods to utilise
them, and formulating efficient ways of the disposal of effluents. The State Boards are also
expected to advise the government regarding the location of polluting industries. Further, the
Act lays down the restrictions on discharge of effluents and the penalties against violation of its
provisions.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, provides for the collection
of a cess on the consumption of water by industries and local authorities, to augment the
resources of the pollution control boards (Government of India, 1977).
The Government of India has formulated various policies towards the protection of natural
resources and provision of infrastructure to all citizens. These include the National Water Policy,
National Environment Policy, National Wetland Conservation Programme, National Lake
Conservation Plan, and National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems.
In addition to the legislations, various Missions and schemes have been launched by the
Government of India to promote urban development. These include JnNURM, AMRUT, Smart
Cities, Mission, Swachchh Bharat Mission. These were often divided into various sub-missions
and programmes, each focussing on specific sectors of urban and rural development.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in 2005
with the objective of leading “a reforms driven, accelerated development of Indian cities, with a
particular focus on urban infrastructure”. It focussed on 65 cities including 35 milllion-plus cities
(as per Census 2001) and 30 other cities. Its duration was seven years, with a two-year
extension (till 2014) for completion of projects. The Mission was divided into two sub-missions
- Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) administered by the Ministry of Urban
Development (MoUD), and Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) administered by Ministry
of Urban Housing and Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA). The Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum
Development Programme (IHSDP) were launched to improve the conditions of other small and
medium towns. UIG and UIDSSMT focussed on urban infrastructure (water supply, sewerage,
stormwater drainage, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and
redeveloping old areas of cities; the BSUP and IHSDP programmes were aimed at improving
housing conditions in cities (housing for urban poor and slum redevelopment. A key
requirement of the Mission was the preparation of a city development plan (CDP), which
included a SWOT analysis of the city, its development goals and key projects and strategies to
achieve them.
The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) aspires to
strengthen basic infrastructure across 500 Indian cities. It was launched in 2015 with a duration
of 5 years, divided into 3 phases of development. Assured water supply and sewerage across
all households, increasing green cover, and reducing pollution have been listed as its primary
purpose. The major components of this Mission include water supply, sewerage and septage
management, stormwater drainage, urban transport, developing green spaces and parks,
capacity building, and reforming implementation.
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Swachh Bharat Mission was launched in 2014 aimed
specifically at improving the sanitary conditions of cites as well as villages across the country.
The key focus was on eliminating open defecation and improving solid waste management
practices. The initiatives included connecting households to the sewerage networks, providing
community and public toilets, improving efficiency of garbage collection, and spreading
27
awareness among citizens through campaigns and activities. The implementation of the
Mission is monitored through annual cleanliness surveys
2
and cleanliness rating of cities
3
.
3.2 State Level
The Kerala Town & Country Planning Act, 2016, aims at promoting planned development
and regulation of growth of urban and rural areas of the state. The Act provides for the
establishment of a state Town & Country Planning Board which shall advise the state
government on policies pertaining to spatial planning and development of land, and coordinate,
monitor and evaluate spatial planning and development activities; a District Planning
Committee and Metropolitan Planning Committee must be constituted wherever necessary, to
issue guidelines and prepare plans for the regulation of development within their jurisdiction;
the duties of the local bodies have also been specified in the document.
The Kerala Conservation of Paddy
Land and Wetland Act, 2008, is an “Act
to conserve the paddy land and wetland
and to restrict the conversion or
reclamation thereof, in order to promote
growth in the agricultural sector and to
sustain the ecological system, in the
state” (Government of Kerala, 2008a).
The Act prohibits reclamation of and
removal of sand from the wetlands in the
State; a local level monitoring committee
shall be constituted which shall, among other functions, prepare a databank of the wetlands
and cultivable paddy lands within its jurisdictional area and prepare guidelines for their
protection (Government of Kerala, 2008a).
The Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand Act, 2001, is an
“Act to protect river banks and river beds from large scale dredging of river sand and to protect
their biophysical environment system and regulate the removal of river sand and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto” (Government of Kerala, 2001). Its provisions include
the constitution of a district expert committees and Kadavu committees or regulating the
removal of sand in every Kadavu or riverbank in each district. The District Expert Committee
has been empowered to prepare a Riverbank Development Plan for establishing, co- ordinating
and protecting riverbanks within the district. The Act also stipulates the penalties for violation
of any of its provisions.
The Kerala Ground Water (Control
and Regulation) Act, 2002, is a
legislation aimed at providing “for the
conservation of ground water and for the
regulation and control of its extraction
and use in the state” (Government of
Kerala, 2002). It specifies that the
government must constitute a state
ground water authority. The legislation
prohibits the digging of wells within 30m
from any drinking water source used to
pump water for public purpose.
2
Swachh Survekshan is conducted each year to assess and validate the cleanliness of the cities.
3
Called Garbage Free City (GFC) Star Rating, conducted by a third-party agency appointed by MoHUA
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act,
no person shall without the permission of
Authority dig well for any purpose within thirty
meters from any drinking water source from
where water is pumped for public purpose
Kerala Ground Water (Control and Regulation)
Act, 2002
On and from the date of commencement of this
Act, the wetlands of the State shall be
maintained as such and there shall be a total
prohibition on reclamation of such wetland and
removal of sand therefrom.
Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and
Wetland Act, 2008
28
Kerala State Water Policy, 2008, has been prepared by the Water Resource Department of
the Government of Kerala. It has identified the issues pertaining to water resources in the state
and the need for a holistic approach towards sustainable use of water resources and the
conservation of ecosystem. The Policy intends to adopt an integrated and multi-sectoral
approach for management of water resources; considering the micro-watersheds as the basic
units for conservation and optimal utilisation of resources; and, enabling appropriate
institutional mechanisms and legal measures towards sustainable management and
development of the water resources (Government of Kerala, 2008b).
The government of Kerala, through the state planning board, has formulated a Perspective
Plan – 2030 for the state. The plan comprises the Government’s vision towards development
of the state by 2030. The key indicators discussed include economic prosperity, quality of life,
equitable society, and environmental sustainability (Government of Kerala, 2014). The key
points discussed on environmental sustainability include promoting sustainable production
systems and consumption, protecting wetlands, conserving biodiversity, increasing energy and
water consumption efficiency, recycling 60%-75% waste, and maximise the use of sustainable
resources.
The Government of Kerala, in collaboration with the Asian Development Bank, has initiated the
Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP). The project aims to improve
urban environment, economy, and living conditions for people living in the five Project cities,
viz. Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, and Thrissur (Asian Development Bank,
2007). It has four components, as described in Table 5.
Table 5 The four components of KSUDP
Component
No. (“Part”)
Component Name
Target
Part A
Urban Infrastructure and Services
Improvement.
• Rehabilitation, improvement, and expansion
of the following municipal infrastructure
services:
o Urban water supply
o Sewerage and sanitation
o Urban drainage
o Solid waste management
o roads and transportation.
Part B
Urban Community Upgrading.
• Interventions for poor communities through
integrated interventions for basic
infrastructure and services improvements
and livelihood enhancement.
Part C
Local Government Infrastructure
Development.
• Provide the ULBs with assistance for sub-
projects for urban infrastructure in
accordance with the sub-project selection
criteria and procedure.
Part D
Support for Capacity Building and
Project Management.
• Capacity building activities to help facilitate
sustainability of investments under Part A.
• Provide support for Project implementation
activities to the PMU and the PIUs.
29
3.3 Local Level
3.3.1 Spatial Planning
The Master Plan is the only statutory document aimed at spatial planning of Kozhikode. The
existing land use, as per Master Plan-2035, is predominantly residential (68% of the planning
area), followed by waterbodies (6.5%). 82% of the planning area is urbanised, with commercial
land uses concentrated in the core city, i.e. Valiyangadi-Palayam-Mavoor road areas; industrial
uses are concentrated in Cheruvannur–Nallalam and West Hill areas. Public and semi-public
uses are distributed all over the region. The land use distribution is in stark contrast with the
recommendations of the URDPFI guidelines; all uses, except residential use, are less than half
of the recommended share; parks and open spaces are extremely low. Scientific interventions
are, therefore, needed in land use planning and implementing development controls, to achieve
a balanced spatial distribution of uses (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015). Recognising the large amount of land being used for residential purpose, the planning
agencies have envisaged and promoted compact residential development in the Master Plan-
2035. Further, their proposals also strive to utilise economic potential of the abundant water
resources and beaches through recreational activities. Sustainable urban development and
preservation of environmentally sustainable areas have been specified as some of the
development goals; protecting the Kottuli wetlands, Kadalundi mangrove reserves, other
mangroves, wetlands and paddy fields, sacred groves, ponds, and rivers, are among the
objectives towards achieving these goals. ‘protection of the cultural ethos, conservation of the
natural, built and cultural heritage, and preservation of the ecology, and utilisation of these as
resources for the development of tourism sector in a responsible way’ is a key concept
stipulated for heritage and environmental conservation in the Master Plan (Town and Country
Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
Figure 15 Existing (left) and proposed (right) land use as per MP-2035
Source: Town & Country Planning Department, 2015
30
The master plan aspires to promote sustainable
development through encouraging mixed-use
developments, promoting high-density
development with low coverage under concrete,
and smaller ‘average shelter footprint’. Table 7
shows the proposed land use distribution in
Master Plan-2035. The planning agencies have
reserved 2.75% of the region as environmentally
sensitive area; 6.64% of the master plan area
has been demarcated as waterbody; residential
zone accounts for approx. 52% of the total
planning area. Mixed and multifunctional zones
have been proposed in approx. 10% of the area.
Table 6 Existing land use in the planning area
Land use
Area (sq. km.)
% of planning area
Residential
120.53
67.63%
Commercial
3.36
1.88%
Industrial
3.26
1.83%
Public/Semi-Public
7.17
4.03%
Religious
1.85
1.04%
Roads & transportation
9.53
5.35%
Environmentally sensitive
7.47
4.19%
Waterbody
11.57
6.50%
Parks & open spaces
0.32
0.18%
Dry agriculture
11.41
6.40%
Vacant land
1.73
0.97%
Source: Town & Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015)
Table 7 Proposed land-use distribution in Master Plan-2035
Land use
Area (sq. km.)
% of planning area
Residential
92.42
51.83%
Commercial
5.16
2.89%
Mixed use (residential/commercial)
12.37
6.94%
Multifunctional zone
8.37
4.69%
Tourism promotion zone
5.13
2.88%
Industrial
8.49
4.76%
Hazardous
2.69
1.51%
Public/Semi-Public
8.37
4.69%
Transportation
9.78
5.49%
Port and allied developments
0.62
0.35%
Recreation, stadiums, parks and open spaces
1.39
0.78%
Dry agriculture
0.81
0.45%
Wet agriculture
3.70
2.07%
Environmentally sensitive areas
4.90
2.75%
Waterbodies
11.85
6.64%
Others
2.28
1.28%
Source: Town & Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015)
Vision of Master Plan-2035
A sustainable and liveable Regional
Capital, with state of the art facilities
ensuring quality of life for people at all
levels, drawing economic momentum
from new generation industries, trade
and tourism, with thrust on traditional
livelihood while conserving the culture
and heritage of Malabar, retaining the
title – “The City of Truth”
31
3.3.2 Water Supply
Data extracted from Census of India (2011) shows that merely 38% of the households within
the Municipal Corporation area receive tap water from a treated source. Approximately 39%
are dependent on uncovered wells for the same. The figures are even more alarming at the
district level, with merely 20% receiving water through taps, of which one-fifth receive untreated
water; 58% rely on uncovered wells.
As per the Master Plan-2035 report,
municipal water supply in the planning area
covers “less than 50% of the current water
demand” (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015). Drinking
water shortage is most commonly felt along
the coastal areas, due to increased salinity of
groundwater. Water losses have been
pegged at 35.5%, of which 75% is due to
leakages due to deteriorated pipelines (Town
and Country Planning Department
Kozhikode, 2015). The total water demand for
2031, as per the Master Plan, is projected to
be 243 MLD. Presently, 147 MLD water is
supplied; thus, an additional 96 MLD of
supply would be needed in 2031. An on-going
JICA-assisted water supply project is
expected to meet the water demand in a
majority of the planning area till 2021. The
current capacity of water treatment plants is
157 MLD, which indicates a requirement of
capacity enhancement / new water treatment
plant of 86 MLD. The strategies to meet the
future water demands include identification
Figure 16 Source of water in households
Figure 17 Frequency of water supply
32
and conservation of existing water sources, implementation of independent small-scale water
supply schemes, regulations and strict implementation of rainwater harvesting, GIS-based
utility management, and proper monitoring of water quality in the region (Town and Country
Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015). Work done in Olavanna gram panchayat has been
identified among the good practices for water supply at local level. Mini-water supply schemes
that utilise waterbodies including streams, springs, ponds and wells, and use of efficient
rainwater harvesting techniques have been suggested as strategies to be employed by local
self-governing institutions. The master plan emphasises the use of rainwater harvesting and
storage, especially in areas facing issues of salinity of groundwater.
3.3.3 Stormwater
Merely 50% of Kozhokode’s roads have side drains, of which, only 30% are covered. This is a
major cause of fatal accidents, especially during monsoons. Master Plan-2035 has recognised
the conversion of low-lying lands for various uses as one of the reasons for obstruction of
stormwater drainage and subsequent inundation of surrounding areas during monsoon season;
further, the levelling of hillocks and conversion of natural drainage channels has disrupted the
natural drainage pattern of the planning area (Town and Country Planning Department
Kozhikode, 2015).
A drainage master plan has been proposed under the Kerala Sustainable Urban Development
Project. It consists of a detailed layout and design of drains in the old Corporation area. Town
and Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015) states that the proposals of this plan can
be incorporated in Master Plan-2035. The remaining area would need additional mitigation
measures. A comprehensive database with GIS-based utility management and online
complaint redressal system have been suggested as some of the measures to improve service
delivery.
3.3.4 Sanitation
As per Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015), there is no common
sewerage system for the planning area; a KSUDP project has been initiated for the same.
Households use septic tanks, while hospitals and other institutions have their own systems;
partly treated effluents are discharged into the nearest drains or waterbodies. Studies
conducted by CWRDM regarding the ground water quality have revealed that ground water in
various locations in the planning area are contaminated with Coli forms and Faecal
Streptococcus and that contamination was higher in the vicinity of sanitation structures. In the
ongoing project under KSUDP, sanitation improvements in non-serviced areas are proposed
through developing sewerage system for the city central areas including rehabilitation of
existing schemes, installation of sewage treatment plants, onsite sanitation systems and de-
sludging of existing septic tanks. . In the context of the JICA water supply project which, on
materialisation, would also result in considerable increase in the sewage quantities, recycle and
reuse of the treated water for secondary uses like gardening/irrigation and for reuse in flushing
cisterns shall be promoted. The Master Plan has identified the area around the Medical College
as top-priority area for addressing sanitation issues. It also sugests creation of a GIS-based
database for efficient utility management.
33
The drainage and sewerage
master plan prepared and
implemented by KSUDP
addresses the requirements in
old Kozhikode corporation area;
Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode (2015)
suggests incorporating the
same into the Master Plan. It
also aspires to develop a
comprehensive system for
mitigation measures for the
planning area not covered
under KSUDP by the end of
2020. Further, it suggests
mandatory implementation of
recycling and reuse of
wastewater for secondary uses
in large-scale construction
projects. Using good quality
effluents from the proposed
STPs to replenish waterbodies
is also suggested. The plan also
proposes conducting a
feasibility study for developing a
reclaimed-water supply system
for distributing water for
secondary purposes, especially
in water-scarce areas.
3.3.5 Environment
Kozhikode is bestowed with
natural as well as built heritage.
Master Plan-2035 aims at
protecting both forms of heritage; measures towards their conservation have so far not been
comprehensive (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015). It has identified
the environmentally sensitive areas and biodiversity hotspots in the planning area including
coastal areas, estuaries, mangroves, riverbanks, wetlands including paddy fields, sacred
groves and ponds.
Kadalundi Panchayat in the planning area, surrounded by water on all sides, has a special
significance in the environmental perspective. The estuarine wetlands of Kadalundi, declared
a bio-reserve, house a wide variety of mangroves and their faunal associates and a bird
sanctuary, and are famous for a wide variety of fish, mussels and crabs. The master plan aims
at framing measures to protect Kadalundi as a bio-diversity hot spot. It states that eco-friendly
agricultural pursuits should be promoted in this area, to prevent any danger to the migratory
birds and to prevent soil and water pollution in the area. The plan further identifies the need to
delineate development nodes, restricting development within these, to promote ‘the local
people’s pursuits for prosperity’ (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015). It
recognises the need to frame a comprehensive programme for the conservation of ponds and
sacred groves in the planning area, while also permitting the use of ponds for local water supply
needs, after purification. In addition to declaring the Kadalundi a bio-reserve, other strategies
towards environmental conservation include developing community mangrove reserves in
several locations, formulating a comprehensive incentive-based plan to conserve ponds and
sacred groves, banning plastics, afforestation programmes, implementing wetlands
Figure 18 Sewerage zones in Kozhikode Municipal Corporation
area
34
management plan, promoting low-ecological footprint buildings and pollution-free fuels, and
enhancing urban green cover (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
Kadalundi Jaivagramam Project is a special project aimed at the conservation of the
Kadalundi gram panchayat area, famous for its mangroves and bird sanctuary. It is surrounded
by rivers on three sides and the sea on the fourth. The region is proposed to be developed as
a jaivagramam, i.e. a village that promotes organic practices (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015). The proposed interventions include banning the use of
pesticides and chemical fertilisers, treatment of 100% organic waste produced in the area,
promotiong of renewable energy production, ensuring proper sanitation facilities, ban on the
use of plastics, promoting environment friendly practices in traditional industries, promoting
eco-friendly mobility, and restricting high-density development and polluting industries.
A comprehensive plan for the development and management of community mangroves
reserve at Kadalundi has also been proposed. The Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community
reserve, India’s first community reserve, is facing threat due to indiscriminate sand mining and
waste dumping. The plan includes projects for setting up a mangrove nursery, a research
centre, bird watching towers, butterfly park, boat jetty, fishing points, stroll/jogging tracks, tourist
facilities centre, tour packages, construction of seawalls and river embankments as well as
development of the locality.
Conservation of sacred groves, known as Kavu, and ponds, is also proposed in Master
Plan-2035. The proposed strategy is to prepare a comprehensive incentive-base plan towards
their conservation, regardless of their ownership
4
. The suggested strategy includes prohibiting
construction activities other than those required for the protection of the structure/area, and
providing equivalent construction rights for the surrendered land, elsewhere in the planning
area.
Kottuli wetlands have been identified as invaluable components of the environment ecology
and biodiversity in the region. They have been listed as wetlands of national importance.
Authorities have prepared the Kottuli Wetlands Management Plan for their conservation. The
proposed policy measures in this regard are listed in Table 8. These include prohibiting
construction, ensuring 100% functioning STPs, prohibiting waste outlets and discharge of
untreated waste, installing sediment traps at the point where treated effluents enter the canal,
and ensuring stringent action against those who violate the discharge policy.
Table 8 Proposed policy measures to conserve Kottuli Wetlands
S. No.
Proposed policy measure
1
The wet land is to be kept as pollution free and no waste outlets are allowed to be discharged
2
Sediment trap or silt trap has to be installed at the point of treated effluent water entering
the canal
3
Ensuring full functions of sewage treatment plants located on the banks.
4
Ensuring stringent action to those who discharge untreated water to wet land
5
No constructions are permitted
6
Exploring the possibility of converting Kottuli wet land as a Bio park without losing character
and without compromising on ecological importance
Source: Town & Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015)
Being a coastal city, Kozhikode is also subject to the coastal regulation zone (CRZ) rules. The
CRZ regulations form a basic framework for both environmental conservation as well as
development control along the coast. In a major portion of the planning area, the development
is governed by the regulations prescribed by Coastal Zone Management Plan of Kerala, 1996.
Three recently merged gram panchayats of Elathur, Beypore and Cheruvannur-Nallalam still
falls in CRZ III, rest of the corporation areas fall under CRZ II and the other panchayats of the
4
Most ponds and sacred groves in the region are under private ownership
35
planning area falls in CRZ III. As per Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode
(2015), the implementation of the Coastal Zone Master Plan (CZMP) suffers from ambiguity
and discrepancies; the prepared map (at 1:12,500 scale) can be used for guiding development,
but not to implement the same, which requires cadastral maps with information of survey plots,
preferably at 1:1000 scale (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015). The
preparation of an integrated CRZ implementation plan has been proposed to help
transparent and simple decision making on development permits in CRZ areas.
Currently, no regulations preventing construction along the riverbanks exist. While CRZ
regulations would regulate development along most rivers, some stretches would be excluded.
The proposals of Master Plan-2035 strive to address this gap through a 10m-wide green strip
of no-construction zone along major rivers, except the Punoor river; the width of the strip is
reduced to 5m as the river is narrower than other major rivers (Town and Country Planning
Department Kozhikode, 2015).
Since most of the planning area falls in over-exploited or critical categories of groundwater
exploitation, the master plan suggests that a proper ground water management strategy
must be implemented in the planning area. The suggested measures in this regard include
developing percolation tanks, check dams, and sub-surface dykes; dug-well recharge and their
cleaning are also suggested; desiltation of tanks and ponds would also help augment the
groundwater recharge. Developing mass awareness programmes and training programmes
have also been suggested in Master Plan-2035.
3.3.6 Disaster Management
Kozhikode is prone to natural disasters including tsunamis, cyclones, and floods. In recognition
of this vulnerability of the region, Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode (2015)
has suggested that a disaster preparedness and management plan be prepared to “identify all
risk areas like hazardous industries, petrol pumps, etc., prepare a risk mitigation plan, identify
and demarcate zones which are vulnerable to various kinds of disasters, propose prevention
and mitigation measures, identify rescue centres, create necessary physical infrastructure and
train human resources for the prevention of disasters as well as warning, mitigation and rescue
during disasters” (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
A District Disaster Management Plan has been prepared by the district’s Disaster Management
Authority (published by the State Disaster Management Authority) as mandated by the National
Disaster Management Act, 2005. The provisions of the Kerala State Disaster Management
Policy, 2020, act as the guiding principles for the plan. The document includes the vulnerability
assessment of different parts of the district to various forms of disaster, measures to be taken
towards the prevention and mitigation of disasters including the capacity-building and
preparedness measures for different departments, and the response plans and procedures in
the event of the disaster (Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016). Table 11
(Appendix 4: Legislations aimed at disaster management in Kozhikode) is a compilation of the
different legislations formulated towards disaster management in the district.
36
The disaster risk assessment conducted by the
state emergency operations centre (SEOC) the
areas closer to the seacoast are more prone to
floods as well as droughts, as compared to the
eastern part of the district. The high risks are
obvious owing to the topography and high
population density in these regions. Table 14
(Appendix 5: Disaster vulnerability of Kozhikode
district) gives a village-wise assessment of the
disaster risks in different parts of the district.
3.3.7 Governance
Kozhikode aspires to attain “a well-coordinated
and efficient city management using state-of-art
tools and technologies” (Town and Country
Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015). It aims
to achieve a comprehensive improvement in
governance. The strategies include introduction
of e-payment of taxes and fees, online public
service delivery and awareness creation among
general public, unifying governance practices in
all Local Self-Government Institutions in the
master plan area, improving internal
coordination between different sections,
implementation of GIS-based property tax
management for increased efficiency of tax
assessment and collection, revision of tax
assessment to create slabs based on nearness to transit corridors, coverage of the building
etc., promote new formats and tools of land development and project implementation like PPP,
Figure 20 Flood-prone areas in the district
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management
Authority, 2016
Figure 21 Landslide-prone areas of the district
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management
Authority, 2016
Figure 19 Drought-prone areas of the district
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster
Management Authority, 2016
37
land pooling, TDR, betterment levies, etc. (Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode,
2015). The authorities further propose to develop utility maps and plot level GIS for the entire
planning area. By the introduction of Management Information system (MIS) and Web GIS,
various departments can deliver their services at the locations convenient to the public. Data-
sharing between departments and coordination among them is also envisaged.
38
Kozhikode’s Master Plan-2035
exhibits its aspirations to
become a smart city
Image courtesy: Jasim Shareef
39
4 Discussion and
Way Forward
40
Image courtesy: Jasim Shareef
41
Kozhikode, with its tropical climate, exquisite natural resources,
and potential to develop as a regional hub, provides an example of
a rapidly developing secondary city in India. Being a coastal city, it
faces issues of freshwater availability. The delicate balance of
utilisation of natural resources and their eco-sensitivity is another
challenge faced by the stakeholders involved in its urban
development. While several plans and strategies have been
formulated and many projects have been implemented, the city is
still vulnerable to global issues which pose a threat to this delicate
balance.
Kozhikode was not selected as one of the 100 Smart Cities under
the Government of India’s Smart Cities Mission. Nevertheless, it
aspires to be a smart city. Town & Country Planning Department
Kozhikode (2015) has included a chapter in the master Plan-2035,
wherein its aspirations of becoming ‘smart’ have been specified.
This includes zoning which shall reduce the carbon footprint
through reduced mobility needs; the city aspires to attain 100%
coverage of water supply, and stormwater network; the use of GIS-
based technology to improve management and governance of
infrastructural provisions; promoting decentralised solid-waste
management systems to fill the gaps in the centralised system;
adopting a reduce-reuse-recycle (3R) policy; making rainwater
harvesting and storage mandatory, especially in areas more
vulnerable to increased salinity of water (Town and Country
Planning Department Kozhikode, 2015).
A truly smart city shall require a comprehensive plan and multi-
disciplinary research. Effective implementation of strategies must
be ensured by the agencies. An integrated framework like the one
being proposed in the Water4Change project shall prove
immensely beneficial in ensuring sustainable development of the
region, and in realising the goals of transforming Kozhikode into a
smart city.
42
43
References
Asian Development Bank. (2007). Project Administration Memorandum: Kerala Sustainable
Urban Development Project. 399. Retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/66244/32300-01-ind-pam.pdf
Census of India. (2011). District Census Handbook Kozhikode - Village and Town-wise Primary
Census Abstract.
Central Ground Water Board. (2013). Groundwater information booklet of Kozhikode District,
Kerala State. Thiruvananthapuram.
Government of India. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977. , (1977).
Government of India. Biological Diversity Act, 2002. , (2003).
Government of Kerala. Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand
Act, 2001. , (2001).
Government of Kerala. The Kerala Ground Water (Control and Regulation) Act, 2002. , Pub. L.
No. Act 19 of 2002 (2002).
Government of Kerala. Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008. , Pub. L.
No. Act 28 of 2008 (2008).
Government of Kerala. (2008b). Kerala State Water Policy, 2008.
Government of Kerala. (2014). Perspective Plan 2030 - Kerala: Encouraging Entrepreneurship
in Production Sectors.
Kerala State Land Use Board. (2015). Natural Resource Databank - Kozhikode. Retrieved from
http://kslub.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/natural_resources/10Kozhikkod.compressed.pdf
Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority. (2016). District Disaster Management Plan
(Kozhikode) 2015. Kozhikode.
National Remote Sensing Centre - ISRO. (2020). ISRO’s Geoportal | Gateway to Indian Earth
Observation | Applications. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from Bhuvan website:
https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/urbangrowth/urbangrowth.php
Rubel, F., & Kottek, M. (2010). World Maps of Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Retrieved
September 2, 2020, from http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm
Town and Country Planning Department Kozhikode. (2015). Master Plan for Kozhikode Urban
Area – 2035. 1–400.
Worldviewer Dot Com [India] Pvt Ltd. (2020). Kozhikode Resources. Retrieved October 8,
2020, from https://www.kozhikode.com/resources.htm
44
45
Appendices
Appendix 1: Groundwater statistics for Kozhikode
(2011)
Table
9 Groundwater statistics
- Kozhikode district (2011)
Source:
Kerala State Land Use Board, 2015
46
Source:
Kerala State Land Use Board, 2015
Table 1contd…
47
Appendix 2: Pre-Post Monsoon water level trend (2011)
Table
10 Pre-post Monsoon water level trend (2011)
Source: Central Ground Water Board. Adapted from
Kerala State Land Use Board (2015)
48
Appendix 3: Proposed land-use distribution as per
Master Plan-2035
49
Appendix 4: Legislations aimed at disaster
management in Kozhikode
Sl. No. Acts/Rules
Table 11 Legislations aimed at disaster management in Kozhikode
S. No.
Act / Rule / Policy
1
National Disaster Management Act, 2005
2
Kerala State Disaster Management rules: Ex Extraordinary
Gazette S.R.O No. 201/2007 dated 1 March 2007
3
State DM policy, GO (Ms) No. 240/2010/DMD dated 19-06-2010
4
Dangerous Machine (Regulation) Act, 1983
5
The Environment Protection Act, 1986
6
Kerala Factories (Major Accident Hazard Control) Rules, 2005
7
Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Rules, 2011
8
The Environment (Protection) Rules 1986
9
The Manufacture, Storage and Import of hazardous Chemicals
Rules, 1989
10
The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and
Response) Rules 1996
11
The Boilers Act, 1923
12
The Mines Act, 1952
13
The Mines Rescue Rules, 1985
14
The Petroleum Act, 1934
15
Indian Standard Code of Practice for Protection of buildings and
allied structures against lightning
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
50
Appendix 5: Disaster vulnerability of Kozhikode district
Table 12 Hazard seasonality mapping
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Earthquake
Drought
Fire
Lightning
Flood
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
51
Table 13 Drought-prone areas – classification
S. No.
Village
Taluk
Class
1
Beypore
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
2
Chelannur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
3
Chelavoor
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
4
Cheruvamur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
5
Chettamangalam
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
6
Chevayur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
7
Elathur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
8
Engapuzha
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
9
Feroke
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
10
Kadalundi
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
11
Kakkad
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
12
Kakkodi
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
13
Kakkur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
14
Karuvanthuruthi
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
15
Kasaba
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
16
Katcheri
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
17
Kedavoor
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
18
Kizhakoth
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
19
Kodancheri
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
20
Kodaranji
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
21
Kodiyallur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
22
Koduralli
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
23
Koodattayi
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
24
Kumaranalloor
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
25
Kummamangalam
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
26
Kuruvattur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
27
Kuttikattur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
28
Kuttuli
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
29
Madavoor
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
30
Mavoor
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
31
Nagaran
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
32
Nanminda
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
33
Narikuni
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
34
Neeleswaram
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
35
Nellicode
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
36
Nellippoyil
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
37
Olavanna
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
38
Panniankara
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
39
Panthuraskavu
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
40
Perumanna
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
52
S. No.
Village
Taluk
Class
41
Peruvayal
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
42
Poolakode
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
43
Puthiyangadi
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
44
Puthuppadi
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
45
Puthur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
46
Ramanattukara
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
47
Raroth
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
48
Thalakulathur
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
49
Thazhekode
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
50
Thiruvambadi
Kozhikode
Slight Drought
51
Valavanad
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
52
Vavad
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
53
Vengeri
Kozhikode
Moderate Drought
54
Arikulam
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
55
Atholi
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
56
Avidanallur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
57
balusseri
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
58
Chakkittapara
Quilandy
Slight Drought
59
Changaroth
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
60
Chembanoda
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
61
Chenancheri
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
62
Chengottukavu
Quilandy
Slight Drought
63
Cheruvannur
Quilandy
Slight Drought
64
Eravattur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
65
Iringal
Quilandy
No Drought
66
Kanthalad
Quilandy
Slight Drought
67
Kayanna
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
68
Keezhariyur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
69
Kinalur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
70
Koorachundu
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
71
Koothali
Quilandy
Severe Drought
72
Kottur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
73
Kozhukallur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
74
Meppayur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
75
Meshanyam
Quilandy
Severe Drought
76
Mudadi
Quilandy
Slight Drought
77
Naduvannur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
78
Nochad
Quilandy
Severe Drought
79
Paleri
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
80
Panangad
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
81
Panthalayini
Quilandy
Slight Drought
53
S. No.
Village
Taluk
Class
82
Payyoli
Quilandy
No Drought
83
Perambra
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
84
Sivapuram
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
85
Thikodi
Quilandy
No Drought
86
Thurayur
Quilandy
Slight Drought
87
Ulliyeri
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
88
Unnikulam
Quilandy
Slight Drought
89
Viyyur
Quilandy
Moderate Drought
90
Ayancheri
Vadakara
Slight Drought
91
Azhiyur
Vadakara
Moderate Drought
92
Chekkyad
Vadakara
Slight Drought
93
Chorode
Vadakara
Slight Drought
94
Edacheri
Vadakara
Slight Drought
95
Eramala
Vadakara
Slight Drought
96
Kavilumpara
Vadakara
Slight Drought
97
Kayakkodi
Vadakara
Slight Drought
98
Kottapalli
Vadakara
Slight Drought
99
Kunummal
Vadakara
Slight Drought
100
Kuttadi
Vadakara
Slight Drought
101
Maniyur
Vadakara
Slight Drought
102
Maruthonkara
Vadakara
Slight Drought
103
Nadakkkuthazha
Vadakara
Slight Drought
104
Nadapuram
Vadakara
Slight Drought
105
Narippetta
Vadakara
Slight Drought
106
Onchiyom
Vadakara
Slight Drought
107
Palayad
Vadakara
Slight Drought
108
Purameri
Vadakara
Slight Drought
109
Thinur
Vadakara
Slight Drought
110
Thiruvallur
Vadakara
Slight Drought
111
Thuner
Vadakara
Slight Drought
112
Vadakara
Vadakara
Slight Drought
113
Valayam
Vadakara
Slight Drought
114
Vanimel
Vadakara
Slight Drought
115
Velom
Vadakara
Slight Drought
116
Vilangad
Vadakara
Slight Drought
117
Villyappalli
Vadakara
Slight Drought
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
54
Table 14 Natural hazard zonation table
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
KOZHIKODE
Kadalundy
High
with
Sea
wall
Banks of KadalundyRiver &
ChaliyamPuzha
Low
Karuvanthur
uthi
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
ChaliyamPuzha
Low
Faroke
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
ChaliyamPuzha
Moder
ate
Ramanattuk
ara
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
ChaliyamPuzha
Moder
ate
Pantheeraka
vu
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
KallayiPuzha
Low
Olavanna
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
KallayiPuzha
Low
Cheruvannur
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Nallam,Cheruvannur
Low
Beypore
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Naduvattom,Beypore
Low
Panniamkara
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of KallayiRiver & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Panniyamkara,
Thiruvanchira
Low
Nagaram
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of Kallayi Puzha
Low
Kasaba
Banks of Kallayi River
Low
Kottuli
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Kottuli,Parayancheri,
Nadakavu
Low
<
3
Valayanad
Banks of Kallayi River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
Moder
ate
(Paddy fields) Valayanad,
Govindapuram
Nellicode
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Kovur,
Nellikod
Low
Chevayur
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Chevayur
Moder
ate
Vengeri
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Vengeri,
Karaparambu, Nadugattur
Low
4
Kacheri
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Nadakavu
Low
Puthiyanang
adi
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Puthiyangadi
Low
4
Elathur
Low
&
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
Low
55
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
High
with
Seaw
all
(Paddy fields) Puthur, Edakkad
Thalakulathu
r
Banks of Akala Puzha &
Ramanallurthode
Moder
ate
Chelannur
Banks of
PannurPuzha,AkalaPuzha &
Broad flat
bottom valleys (Paddy fields)
Chelannur, Palat, Iruvalur
Moder
ate
Kakkodi
Banks of PannurPuzha & Akala
Puzha
Low
Kuruvattur
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Karuvattur,
Parambil, Palur
Moderate
Chelavoor
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Poingattupuram,
Mayanad
Moderate
Kuttikattur
Banks of Nam Puzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Puvattuparambu, Kuttikattur
Moderate
Perumanna
Banks of ChaliyarRiver & Nam
Puzha
Moderate
Peruvayal
Banks of ChaliyarRiver,Cheru
Puzha & Broad flat
bottom valleys (Paddy fields)
Peringalam, Peruvayil
Moderate
Mavoor
Banks of ChaliyarRiver &Cheru
Puzha
Moderate
Pulakode
Banks of ChaliyarRiver,
Iruvanni Puzha & Cheru
Puzha
Moderate
Chattamangal
am
Banks of Cheru Puzha
Moderate
Kunnamangal
am
Banks of Cheru Puzha &
PannurPuzha
Moderate
Madavoor
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Paimbalasseri,
Madavoor, Pullalur
Moderate
Kakkur
Banks of Ramallur thode &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) pavannur,
Punnurcherupuram
Moderate
Nanminda
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Namida,Chikkilod,W.Pananga
d
Low
Narikuni
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Pannikattur,
Nediyand, Nediyand, Parannur
Moderate
Kizhakoth
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Elettil
Moderate
56
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
Koduvalli
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Cheru Puzha
Moderate
Vavad
Banks of PannurPuzha &
Cheru Puzha
Moderate
Raroth
Banks of Cheru Puzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Tamarasseri,
Kedavur, Chembra, Andona
Moderate
<3, 3.7
Koodattayi
Banks of Cheru Puzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Panniyamkuzhi,
Malkavu, Perili
Moderate
Puthur
Banks of Cheru Puzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Pulapeyi,
Puthur,Vennokkod
Moderate
Neeleswaram
Banks of Iruvani Puzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Palanur,
Techiyod
Moderate
Thazhekkad
Banks of Iruvani Puzha &
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Chennamangallur, Tazhakkad,
Manasseri
Moderate
Kakkad
Low (FathimaEstate)
Banks of Iruvani Puzha
Moderate
Kodiyattur
Low (Nelluparambu,
Mysore Kunnu, FathimaEstate)
Banks of ChaliyarRiver, Iruvani
Puzha & Cheru Puzha
Moderate
Kumaranalloo
r
Low(Thekkumkutti,
FathimaEstate)
Banks of Iruvani Puzha &
KariunnupraPuzha
Moderate
Kodaranji
High(AtoteMala,
Banks of Payilingal Puzha &
Kariunupra Puzha
Moderate
Forest) Low
(TumbakkodMala,
Pularampara,
KattiyatuMala)
Thiruvambadi
Low (Pottamkotta
Mala)
Banks of Iruvani Puzha &
Payilingal Puzha
Moderate
Nellippoyil
High (Kattilpoil,
Forest)
Low
Kodancheri
High (Alakkal, Forest) Low
(Kodancheri,
Perumkandi)
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Vellancoe,
Kuttur
Moderate
Puthuppadi
High (Adivaram, Forest) Low
(Mayilalumpand
Estate)
Moderate
Engapuzha
Low (Kanottipara)
Moderate
Kedavoor
High (N.W. Ingapuzha,
Kutipara, Forest) Low
(Chamel)
Banks of PannurPuzha
Moderate
<3
QUILANDY
Iringal
Low &
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of MuratRiver & Broad
flat bottom valleys (Paddy
fields)
Ayinikkad
Low
Payyoli
Banks of MuratRiver &Broad
flat bottom valleys
Low
57
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
(Paddy fields)Payyoli
Thikodi
Banks of AgalaPuzha
Low
Moodadi
Low &
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of AgalaPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys (Paddy
fields) Mudadi, Elambilad,
Purakkal,
Virayancheri
Low
Viyyur
High
with
Banks of AgalaPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
Low
Seaw
all
(Paddy fields) Marallur,
Puliancheri
Panthalayini
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of AgalaPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Rantalayani
Low
<3
Chengottukav
u
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of AgalaPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Elatteri,
Elakualm, Chengottukavu
Low
Chemancheri
Low &
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of KoraPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Vengulam,
Chemmancheri, Thiruvannur
Low
Atholi
Banks of KoraPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Atholi, Kalakkad
Moderate
Ulliyeri
Banks of KoraPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Ulliyeri, Mundath
Moderate
Naduvannur
Banks of KoraPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Kavil,
Naduvannur, Mannankavu,
Elangamal
Moderate
Arikulam
Banks of KoraPuzha,
AgalaPuzha & Broad flat
bottom valleys (Paddy
fields)Kurichikala, Arikulam,
Vagmoli, Karayad, Nochad
Moderate
Keezhariyur
Banks of AgalaPuzha
Moderate
Thurayur
Banks of MuratRiver &
AgalaPuzha
Moderate
Kozhukallur
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Kuttipra,
kayalad, Kozhukallur
Moderate
Meppayur
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Meppayur,
Kuzhippayur, Changaramvalli
High
Cheruvannur
Banks of MuratRiver & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Avala, Kuttottu
High
Eravattur
Banks of MuratRiver & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Eravattur,
Kallod,
High
Nochad
Broad flat bottom valleys
High
58
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
(Paddy fields) Meppayur,
Valliyakkod, Nochad,
Kaipattur, Velliyur
Kottur
Low (Chengottu
Mala)
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Kottur,
Thiruvod
Moderate
Avittanallur
Banks of KoraPuzha
Moderate
Balusseri
Low (MannanPoyil)
Banks of KoraPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Balisseri, panai,
Eramankulam
Moderate
Panangad
Banks of KoraPuzha
Moderate
Sivapuram
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Viriambram,
Malur, Sivapuram, Mangod
Moderate
Unnikulam
Banks of TalayattuPuzha
Moderate
Kinalur
Banks of KoraPuzha &Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Mundakara,
Puvamboyi
Moderate
Koorachundu
High (Manikcheri Mala,
N.kinalur) Low (Talayat,
Kavulla Mala)
Moderate
Kanthalad
High (Killikudukki, Kakkayam)
Low
(Kallnod)
Banks of CheruPuzha
Moderate
Chakkittapara
Banks of KuttiyadiRiver
&Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Sankaravayal,
Kalangali
Low
Kayanna
Low
(PuvattumKunnu)
Banks of CheruPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Attiyod,
Cherukad, Kayanna
Moderate
Menjanyam
Banks of CheruPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Parambra,
Marutari,
High
Perambra
Banks of CheruPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Puliperuvanna,
Perambra
Moderate
Koothali
Banks of CheruPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Kuttali, Payittot
High
Paleri
Banks of MuratRiver,
CheruPuzha & Broad flat
bottom valleys (Paddy
fields)
Valiyakumbalam,Vadakkumba
d,Kallur
High
Changaroth
Banks of NiduvanPuzha,
KadiyangadPuzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys (Paddy
fields) Changattur,
Kadiyangad
High
Chembanoda
High (Puzhithod
Low
59
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
Estate, Forest) Low (Alapara,
Ekkal)
VADAKARA
Vadakara
High
with
Seaw
all &
Low
Banks of Kotta Puzha & Broad
flat bottom valleys (Paddy
fields) Arakkilad, Muthungal,
Mayyannur
Low
Cherode
High
with
Seaw
all
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Kurikkilad,Cherode,
Vykilasseri,Varisyakunni
Low
Onchiyam
High
with
Seaw
all
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Kannukara,Nellassei,
Onchiyam, Tattolikara
Low
Azhiyur
Low&
High
with
Seaw
all
Banks of Mahe River
Moderate
Eramala
Banks of Mahe River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Orkatteri,
Muyipra, Azhiyur,
Moderate
Villyappalli
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Memunda,
Villyapalli
Moderate
Nadakkuthazh
a
Banks of Murai River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Pudupanam,
Puthur
Low
Palayad
Banks of Murai River
Moderate
3.5
Maniyur
Banks of Murai River
Moderate
Thiruvallur
Banks of Murai River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Thiruvallur
Moderate
Kottapalli
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) chemmarath,
Velliyod, N.Thiruvalloor
Moderate
Ayancheri
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Panmeri,Parambil, kadameri,
Ayancheri, W.Cherapuram
Moderate
Velom
Low (ManiMala)
Banks of Murai River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Tikunni,
Kurichakara, Cherukunnu
High
Purameri
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) elayadam,
Perumundasseri
Moderate
Edacheri
Banks of Mahe River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Edacheri,
Kodancheri
Moderate
Thunery
Banks of Mahe River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
Moderate
60
TALUK
VILLAGE
LANDSLIDE
COASTAL EROSION
FLOODS
LIGHTNING
EARTHQUAKE
(Magnitude)
(Paddy fields) Tuneri,
Iralapram, Velloor,
Kummankod
Chekkiad
High (Forest) Low
(N.Kuruvanderi)
Banks of Mahe River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Parakadavu
Moderate
Valayam
High (Forest) Low
(N.Valayam)
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Valayam
Low
Vanimel
Low (N.Velliyod)
Banks of Mahe River
Low
Nadapuram
Banks of Mahe River & Broad
flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Nadapuram,
Kuttipuram
Moderate
Kunnummel
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Mokari,
Vattal, Kakkattil
Moderate
Kuttiady
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields) Vadayam,
Nittur,Uratt
Moderate
Maruthonkara
Low (KuttyarEstate,
Mayilotara)
Banks of NiduvanPuzha
Moderate
Kavilumpara
High (Karingd,
Puthanpara, Pasukadavu,
Kadapadi,Forest) Low
(ValankodMala,
MundiyodMala,Mutt atheplavu
Kunduthode)
Low
Kayakkodi
High (Mundiyode Mala) Low
(PlayatMala,
Kayakkodi)
Broad flat bottom valleys
(Paddy fields)
Karandod,ChangaranKulam,
Kavumkunnu, Valayannur
Moderate
Narippatta
Low (Kappil Kunnu,
Palayat Mala)
Banks of Mahe River
Low
Thinnur
High (Valuk,
N.Karingod, Pullipara)
Low (VayatMala,
Velliyod,
kayappatelly,)
Low
Vilangad
High (Madancheri,
Udumbarangi,Manhakunnu,
Velliyod) Low (Adichipara,
Panathu)
Low
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
61
Appendix 6: Roles and responsibilities of primary and secondary emergency support agencies
Table 15 Roles and responsibilities of primary and secondary emergency support agencies
ESF
No.
ESF
Primary agency
Secondary agency
Responsibilities of Primary
agency
Activities for
Response
Role of Secondary
agency
1
Command and
Control
• SEOC
• DEOC
• Dept. of IT
• National Informatics
Centre
• Act as the headquarters of Emergency
Operations
• Issue directions on-behalf of the State Incident
Commander
• Issue status update of weather and other
relevant environmental parameters
• Operate a Disaster Welfare Information (DWI)
System to collect, receive and report and status
of victims and assist family reunification
• Apply GIS to speed other facilities of relief and
search and rescue
• Enable local authorities to establish contact
with the State authorities
• Coordinate planning procedures between district,
State and the centrea
• Provide ready formats for all reporting procedures
as a standby
Ensure perennial and uninterrupted communication
facilities for the SEOC/DEOC
2
Communication
BSNL
• Police
• Central and State Armed
Forces
• HAM Radio Operators
• Coordination of actions to assure the provision
of telecommunication support in the state and
district
• Coordinate the requirement of temporary
telecommunication in the affected area
• Make available Police and Disaster
Management wireless network at the affected
locations
• Coordinate for the other networks available such
as HAM Radios and community radios
• The units of armed forces in the area would
provide communication network on the request of
the competent authority
3
Public health
Dept. of Health and Family
Welfare
• Dept. of Indian
Systems of Medicine
• Dept. of
Homeopathy
• Dept. of Social Justice
• Non-Governmental
Organizations
• To coordinate, direct and integrate State level
response
• Direct activation of medical personnel, supplies
and equipment
• Coordinate the evacuation of patients
• Provide human services under the Dept. of
Health
• To prepare and keep ready Mobile Hospitals and
stocks
• To network with private health service
providers
• To provide for mass decontamination
• Check stocks of equipment and drugs
• Assess damage for national assistance
• To perform the same functions as assigned to
the primary agency
• Provide manpower to the primary agency
wherever available and needed
• Make available its resources to the primary
agency wherever needed and available
62
ESF
No.
ESF
Primary agency
Secondary agency
Responsibilities of Primary
agency
Activities for
Response
Role of Secondary
agency
4
Sanitation/
Sewerage
Disposal
• Urban Affairs
• Rural
Development
• Local Self
Governments
• Irrigation
• Public Health
• Non-Governmental
Organizations
• Make arrangement for disposal of waste in
their respective areas
• Arrange adequate material and manpower to
maintain cleanliness and hygiene
• Assess damage for national assistance
• Repair the sewer leakages immediately
• Provide bleaching powder to the primary
agencies to check, maintain sanitation
5
Power
KSEB
• Dept. of Revenue &
Disaster Management
Police
• Provide and coordinate State support until the
local authorities are prepared to handle all power
related problems
• Identify requirements of external equipment
required such as Generators
• Assess damage for national assistance
• Make arrangement for and to provide the alternative
sources of lighting and heating to the affected
populations and for the relief camps
6
Transport
Dept. of Transport
• KSRTC
• Airport Authority
• Air Force
• Navy
• KSWTC
• All other Government
Departments with fleets
of vehicles
• All private vehicle owners
• Overall coordination of the requirement of the
transport
• Make an inventory of vehicles available
for various purposes
• Coordinate and implement emergency related
response and recovery functions, search and
rescue and damage assessment
• Make available its fleet for the purpose of Search &
Rescue, transportation of supplies, victims etc.
• Act as stocking place for fuel for emergency
operations
• Making available any vehicle to the District
Administration
Make available Ambulances to theDistrict
Administration
Airport Authority will coordinate for helicopter
services etc. required for transportation of injured,
search & rescue team, relief and emergency
supplies etc. with SEOC of KSDMA
7
Search and
Rescue (SAR)
• Services
• Police
• SDRF
• Civil Defence
• Home guards
• NDRF
• Air Force
• Navy
• Army
• Central Paramilitary forces
• Red Cross
• Trained Volunteers
• Emergency Response Units
of concerned industry
• SEOC
• Establish maintain and manage State search and
rescue response system
• Coordinate search and rescue logistics during field
operations
• Provide status reports of SAR updates throughout
the affected areas
• Health & Family Welfare Dept. and Red Cross to
make
• available ambulances as per requirements
• SDRF, and Volunteers to assist the primary agency
in SAR
• NDRF, Central Para military forces to provide
assistance to civil authorities on demand
• Police to arrange for the transportation and post
mortem of the dead
63
ESF
No.
ESF
Primary agency
Secondary agency
Responsibilities of Primary
agency
Activities for
Response
Role of Secondary
agency
8
Public Works and
Engineering
• PWD
• Water Resources
• CPWD
• National Highways
Authority of India
• Military Engineering
Services
• Emergency clearing of debris to enable
reconnaissance
• Clearing of roads
• Assemble casual labour
• Provide a work team carrying emergency tool kits,
depending on the nature of disaster, essential
equipment such as
▪ Towing vehicles
▪ Earth moving equipment
▪ Cranes etc
• Construct temporary roads
• Keep national and other main highways clear
from disaster effects such as debris etc.
• Networking with private service providers for
supply of earth moving equipment etc.
• Making machinery and manpower available to the
PWD and to keep national highways and other
facilities in functional State
9
Relief supplies
District Administration
Dept. of Food and Civil supplies
• To collect, process and disseminate
information
about an actual or potential disaster situation to
facilitate the overall activities of all responders in
providing assistance to an affected area in
consultation
• Coordinate activities involved with the emergency
provisions
• Temporary shelters
• Emergency mass feeding
• To coordinate bulk distribution of emergency
supplies
• To provide logistical and resource support to
local entities
• In some instances, services also may be
provided to disaster workers
• To coordinate damage assessment and post
disaster
need assessment
• To assist the primary agency in arranging and
supplying relief supplies
• To assist the primary agency in running the relief
camps
10
Food and
supplies
• Dept. of Food and
Civil Supplies
• Horticulture
Corporation
• Dept. of
Cooperation
• Non-
Governmental
Organizations
• Requirement of food and clothing for affected
population
• Control the quality and quantity of food,
clothing and basic medicines
Ensure the timely distribution of food and clothing to
the people
• Ensure that all food that is distributed is fit for
human consumption
Ensuring the distribution of food supplies to the affected
population through the PDS network etc.
64
ESF
No.
ESF
Primary agency
Secondary agency
Responsibilities of Primary
agency
Activities for
Response
Role of Secondary
agency
11
Drinking water
• Kerala Water
Authority
• District
Administration
• Local Self
Governments (LSG)
• Non-Governmental
Organizations
• Procurement of clean drinking water
• Transportation of water with minimum wastage
• Special care for women with infants and pregnant
women
• Ensure that sewer pipes and drainage are
kept separate from drinking water facilities
To assist the primary agency wherever LSG is associated
in the distribution of potable water
12
Relief Camps &
Grovel Centres
District Administration
• Dept. of General
Education
• Dept. of Higher
Education
• Local Self
Governments
• Provide adequate and appropriate shelter
to affected population
• Quick assessment and identifying the area for
the establishment of the relief camps
• Identification of public buildings as possible
shelters
• Identifying the population which can be provided
with support in their own place and need not be
shifted, relocated
• Locate relief camps close to open traffic
and transport links
• The General Education and Higher
Education Department shall assist the
primary agency in establishing temporary
shelters of larger dimensions particularly in
schools and higher education institutions in
unaffected areas immediately close to the
affected area
LSGs would assist the primary agency
in establishing shelters of smaller dimensions
• Provide temporary LPG cylinders and stoves for
cooking
13
Media
Information and Public
Relations Department
• All India Radio
• Doordarshan
• All private audio- visual
media
• All print media
• To provide and collect reliable information on
the
status of the disaster and disaster victims for
effective coordination of relief work at State level
• Not to intrude on the privacy of individuals and
families while collecting information
• Acquire accurate scientific information from the
SEOC regarding possible continuity of the
disaster situation/early warning
• Coordinate with SEOC at the airport and
railways for required information for international
and national relief workers
• Coordinate with all TV and radio networks to send
news flashes for specific needs & warnings
Respect the socio-cultural and emotional state of
the disaster victims while collecting information for
dissemination
• To assist the primary agency in discharge of
its role.
65
ESF
No.
ESF
Primary agency
Secondary agency
Responsibilities of Primary
agency
Activities for
Response
Role of Secondary
agency
14
Help lines
• SEOC
• DEOC
• Police Control Rooms
• Department of Public
relations
• HAM Radio Operators
• To receive distress calls from the affected people
and
coordinate with the control room
• To facilitate the optimization of donations received
in
kind
• Coordinate, collect, process, report and display
essential elements of information and to facilitate
support for planning efforts in response
operations
• Coordinate pre-planned and event- specific aerial
reconnaissance operations to assess the overall
disaster situation
• Pre-positioning assessment teams headed by the
State coordinating officer and deployment of other
advance elements
• Emergency clearing of debris to enable
reconnaissance of the damaged areas and
passage of emergency personnel and
equipment for life saving property protection
and health and safety
To assist the primary agency in performing its job
effectively and provide its manpower and resources for
the purpose.
15
Animal care
Department of Animal
Husbandry
LSGs
• Treatment of animals
• Provision of vaccination
• Disposal of dead animals
To assist the primary agency in performing its role
16
Law and order
Police
Home Guards
• Having sound communication and security plan
in place to coordinate law and order issues
• Training to security personnel in handling
disaster situations and issues related to them
To assist the primary agency by making available
manpower
17
Removal of trees
• Forest
• LSG
• Fire & Rescue
Services
• PWD
• National Highways
Authority
Indian Railways
Removal of fallen trees
Ensure that railway network is uninterrupted and fallen
trees are removed immediately
Source: Kozhikode District Disaster Management Authority, 2016
66